讲义:主谓一致

发布时间:2015-11-19 14:11 分类:内部资料

一、主谓一致
1 ) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2 ) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3 ) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数形式。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
 
1, 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由 and 连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数, and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题:
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is        B. was      C. are      D. were
 
2, 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1 ) 当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2 ) 当 either … or … 与 neither … nor , 连接两个主语时 , 谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致 。
如果句子是由 here, there 引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致 。 例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸
 
3, 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时 ,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating. 他和我想去划船。
 
4, 谓语需用单数
1 ) 代词 each 以及由 every, some, no, any 等构成的复合代词作主语时 , 或主语中含有 each, every 时 , 谓语需用单数。
a.       each of +名词复数+动词单数.这里each是代词,做主语,所以谓语用单数.
例如:Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
b.      名词复数+each+ 动词复数.这里each是同位语,主语是它前面的名词复数,所以谓语用复数.
例如:Now the students each have an English book.
c.       each+名词单数+动词单数.这里each是形容词,做定语,修饰名词单数,该名词单数是主语,所以谓语用单数.
例如:Each student and each teacher wants to see the film.
2 ) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3 ) 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体 , 谓语一般用单数。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备 。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
 
5, 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1 ) 代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的
单复数决定。例如:
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2 ) 集体名词作主语时 , 谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定 。 如 family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee 等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员 , 用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词 people, police, cattle, poultry 等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3 ) 有些名词 , 如 variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数 , 有时看作复数。例如:
A number of + 名词复数 + 复数动词。
The number of + 名词复数 + 单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
 
6, 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1 ) 用 half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of 后面的名词 / 代词保持一致。例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动 。
2 ) 用 a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。
例如:
A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3 ) 如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但 由
more than … of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city. 百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
       

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