讲义:情态动词

发布时间:2015-11-19 14:11 分类:内部资料

        

情态动词
1. 情态动词的语法特征
1 ) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2 ) 情态动词除 ought 和 have 外,后面只能接不带 to 的不定式。
3 ) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加 -s 。
4 ) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
2. 比较 can 和 be able to
1 ) can/could 表示能力;可能 ( 过去时用 could ) , 只用于现在式和过去式 ( could ) 。 be able  to可以用于各种时态。例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2 ) 只用 be able to 的情况:
a. 位于助动词后。    b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。    d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用 was/were able to ,不能用 could 。例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。
注意: could 有时不表示时态
1 ) 提出委婉的请求, ( 注意在回答中不可用 could ) 。例如:
--- Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以 / 不可以。
2 ) 在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如:
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。
3. 比较 may 和 might
1 ) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测; may 放在句首,表示祝愿。例如:
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!
He might be at home. 他可能在家。
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比 may 小。
2 ) 成语: may/might as well ,后面接不带 to 的不定式,意为 " 不妨 " 。例如:
If that is the case, we may as well try. 如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案 B. 表可能性只能用 may 。此句意可从后半句推出。
4. 比较 have to 和 must
1 ) 两词都是 ' 必须 ' 的意思 , have to 表示客观的需要 , must 表示说话人主观上的看法 , 既主观上的必要。例如:
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。 ( 客观上需要做这件事 )
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。 ( 主观上要做这件事 )
2 ) have to 有人称 、 数 、 时态的变化 , 而 must 只有一种形式 。 但 must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。
3 ) 否定结构中: don't have to 表示 " 不必 " , mustn't 表示 " 禁止 " 。例如:
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你不得把这件事告诉他。
5. must 表示推测
1 ) must 用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为 " 一定 " 。
2 ) must 表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时 , must 后面通常接系动词 be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如:
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天 , 一定累了 。 ( 对现在情况的推测判断 )
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较: He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。
He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
3 ) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时, must 要接完成式。例如:
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了 。
4 ) must 表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测, must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如 :
---Why didn't you answer my phone call? 为何不接我的电话?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it. 唉,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见。
5 ) 否定推测用 can't 。例如:
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿 ,他此时一定还未到家。
6. 表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1 ) 情态动词 + 动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。例如 :
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。
2 ) 情态动词 + 动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如:
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时 , 想必我们老师正在批改试卷。
3 ) 情态动词 + 动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测。例如:
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4 ) 情态动词 + 动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如:
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5 ) 推测的否定形式,疑问形式用 can't, couldn't 表示。例如:
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意: could, might 表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如 can, may 。
7. 情态动词 + have + 过去分词
1 ) may ( might ) have + done sth, can ( could ) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。例如:
Philip may ( might ) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。
Philip can ( could ) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2 ) must have +done sth ,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有 " 肯定 " , "谅必 " 的意思。例如:
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳达已经去上班了,但她的单车还在这儿。
---She must have gone by bus. 肯定乘巴士去的。
3 ) ought to have done sth, should have done sth 表示本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示 " 不该做某事而做了 " 。例如:
You ought to ( should ) have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away. 他不该把旧衣服扔了。 ( 事实上已扔了。 )
ought to 在语气上比 should 要强。
4 ) needn't have done sth 表示本没必要做某事,但做了。例如:
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
旅行时,我衣服穿得较多,其实没有必要。那时天很热。
5 ) would like to have done sth 表示本打算做某事,但没做。例如:
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想读这篇文章,但太忙了一直没读。
8. should 和 ought to
除了上述的用法,两者还可表示 " 想必一定,按理应该 " 的意思。例如:
I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了。
It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。
They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。
The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。
9. had better 表示 " 最好 " ,相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。例如:
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。
She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。
had better have done sth 表示与事实相反的结果,意为 " 本来最好 " 。例如:
You had better have come earlier. 你本该来得早一点。
10. would rather 表示 " 宁愿 "
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather … than … 宁愿 … 而不愿。
还有 would sooner, had rather, had sooner 都表示 " 宁愿 " 、 " 宁可 " 的意思。例如:
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地 ,
我宁可辍学离开这个学校。
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿,而不愿回家。
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案 B 。 本题考查情态动词 rather 的用法 , would rather +do sth 意为 " 宁愿 " , 本题为疑问句 ,would 提前,所以选 B 。
11.will 和 would
注意: 1 ) would like ; would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。例如:
Would you like to go with me? 想和我一块去吗?
2 ) Will you … ? Would you like … ? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时 , 疑问句中一般用 some,而不是 any 。例如:
Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吧。
3 ) 否定结构中用 will ,一般不用 would, won't you 是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down? 你不坐下吗?
12. 情态动词的回答方式问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you … ? Yes, I must. No, I needn't
Must you … ? No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1 ) ---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案 C. could 表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中 of course ,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时 , 用 can 和 may 来表达 , 不能用 could 或 might 。 will 与 you 连用 , 用来提出要求或下命令。 should 与 you 连用,用来提出劝告。
2 ) ---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案 A 。 needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不 , 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用 needn't 。
3 ) ---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.                
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案 B. will 既可当作情态动词 , 表请求 、 建议 、 也可作为实义动词表 " 意愿 、 意志 、 决心 " ,本题表示决心,选 B 。
13. 带 to 的情态动词
带 to 的情态动词有四个: ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上 have got to ( =must ) ,be able to ,为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须 有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案 A 。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用 have told 。
14. 比较 need 和 dare
这两词既可做实义动词用 , 又可做情态动词用 。 作为情态动词 , 两者都只能用于疑问句 ,否定句和条件句 。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带 to , 而 dare 作实义动词用时 , 后面的 to 时常可以被省略。
1 ) 实义动词: need ( 需要 , 要求 ) need + n. / to do sth
2 ) 情态动词: need ,只用原形 need 后加 do ,否定形式为 need not 。例如:
Need you go yet? 你要走了吗?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't. 是的,我要走了 / 不,不急着走。

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